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Karyotyping

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...

Meiosis I

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome (45XO) Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome (45XO) Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome

Published on: December 4, 2021

Turner syndrome - an accidental finding?

Nighat Butt¹, Robin W Paton

¹Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Blackburn, UK.

Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England

|March 8, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A girl’s leg pulse difference after surgery revealed aortic coarctation. Further tests showed she also has Turner syndrome, a rare genetic condition.

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Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome (45XO) Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome

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Published on: December 4, 2021

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Published on: December 1, 2017

Area of Science:

Pediatric surgery
Cardiovascular diagnostics
Clinical genetics

Background:

Subtrochanteric femoral fractures require surgical intervention in children.
Postoperative complications can present subtly, necessitating thorough evaluation.
Differential blood pressure is a key indicator for certain vascular conditions.

Observation:

A 9-year-old female presented with bilaterally reduced pedal pulses post-surgery for a femoral fracture.
An incidental finding of differential blood pressure between upper and lower limbs was noted.

Findings:

The observed symptoms led to the diagnosis of aortic coarctation.
Karyotype analysis confirmed a rare co-occurrence of Turner syndrome.

Implications:

Highlights the importance of vigilant postoperative monitoring for vascular anomalies.
Underscores the association between congenital heart defects and genetic syndromes.
Emphasizes the need for comprehensive diagnostic workups in pediatric cases with unusual presentations.