Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats
Published on: January 21, 2020
Pernio (chilblains)
Amjad Almahameed1, Duane S Pinto
1RPVI Division of Cardiology, The Cardiovascular Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, One Deaconess Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA. aalmaham@bidmc.harvard.edu
Abstract:
Pernio is a vasospastic disorder that affects unprotected skin regions of individuals exposed to nonfreezing, damp cold. It may be idiopathic or associated with other systemic diseases, particularly cryopathies and lupus erythematosus. Acute pernio manifests several hours following exposure, whereas chronic pernio may persist even after the cold season has long ended. The pathophysiology is complex and related to patient and environmental factors. Pernio is diagnosed by clinical features. There are no characteristic histopathologic features that confirm the diagnosis, but biopsy of affected areas may exclude the presence of other disorders. Sequelae include superinfection, depigmentation, and scarring. Treatment involves rewarming of the whole body and avoidance of further exposure to cold. The use of the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker nifedipine promotes faster healing and prevents recurrence.
Related Concept Videos
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above the...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation
Decreased Body Temperature
Peripheral Artery Disease IV: Nursing Management
Thermosensation
Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis
