Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

Jaundice

Jaundice

Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Droplet Digital PCR: A Powerful Tool for Accurate Quantification of Hepatitis D Virus RNA Levels and Verification of Detection Limits.

Journal of viral hepatitis·2025

Same author

[Strategietreffen: Virushepatitis in Deutschland eliminieren].

Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie·2023

Same author

PD-L1 Checkpoint Inhibition Narrows the Antigen-Specific T Cell Receptor Repertoire in Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection.

Journal of virology·2020

Same author

A baseline tool for predicting response to peginterferon alfa-2a in HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics·2018

Same author

[Chronic hepatitis B and D (delta) : Current and future treatments].

Der Internist·2018

Same author

Rates of sustained virological response 12 weeks after the scheduled end of direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy from the National German HCV registry: does HIV coinfection impair the response to DAA combination therapy?

HIV medicine·2018

Same journal

Der Internist·2024

Same journal

Der Internist·2024

Same journal

Der Internist·2024

Same journal

Der Internist·2024

Same journal

Der Internist·2024

Same journal

Der Internist·2024

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Published on: May 29, 2020

[Hepatitis associated cryoglobulinemia].

S Pischke¹, M Cornberg, M P Manns

¹Abteilung Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625, Hannover.

|March 11, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cryoglobulins are proteins that clump in the cold, causing symptoms like fatigue and skin lesions. Hepatitis C virus is a major cause, with new treatments like rituximab offering hope.

More Related Videos

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

Published on: February 3, 2012

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Published on: May 29, 2020

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

Published on: February 3, 2012

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Area of Science:

Immunology
Hematology
Virology

Context:

Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins precipitating below 37°C.
Cryoglobulinemia presents with diverse organ-specific symptoms.
Key manifestations include fatigue, neuropathy, and skin vasculitis.

Purpose:

To outline the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of cryoglobulinemia.
To discuss the etiology, including Hepatitis C virus infection and other diseases.
To review current and emerging therapeutic strategies for cryoglobulinemia.

Summary:

Pathophysiology involves immune dysregulation with heightened B-cell activity.
Hepatitis C virus is a primary etiological factor; rheumatological and hematological diseases are also implicated.
Cryoglobulinemia can progress to Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Impact:

Traditional treatments include plasmapheresis and immunosuppression.
Antiviral therapies are increasingly important, particularly for Hepatitis C-related cases.
Rituximab represents a promising therapeutic option for cryoglobulinemia.