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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

T-cell fate and function: PKC-theta and beyond.

Benjamin J Marsland1, Manfred Kopf

  • 1Institute of Integrative Biology, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, CH-8952 Zurich, Switzerland. marsland@env.ethz.ch

Trends in Immunology
|March 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Protein kinase C-theta (PKC-theta) is crucial for T cell activation. Recent studies reveal its complex, differential roles in various T cell responses, influencing T cell fate and function.

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Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes
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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes
12:47

Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes

Published on: May 14, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Protein kinase C-theta (PKC-theta) is a key regulator in T cell activation.
  • PKC-theta functions within the immunological synapse following T cell receptor (TCR) and co-stimulatory molecule engagement.
  • In vitro studies established PKC-theta's central role in T cell activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent in vivo studies on PKC-theta function.
  • To discuss the complex and differential requirements of PKC-theta in various T cell responses.
  • To explore how extrinsic signals integrated by PKC-theta determine T cell fate and function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent in vivo studies.
  • Analysis of T cell differentiation and effector responses.
  • Investigation of signal integration in T cell fate determination.

Main Results:

  • PKC-theta signaling is differentially required for Th1, Th2, Th17, and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses.
  • In vivo studies reveal a more complex role for PKC-theta than previously shown in vitro.
  • Extrinsic signals significantly influence T cell differentiation and effector functions through pathways involving PKC-theta.

Conclusions:

  • PKC-theta plays a multifaceted role in adaptive immunity.
  • Understanding PKC-theta's in vivo function is critical for deciphering T cell fate and effector responses.
  • The integration of signals by PKC-theta is central to regulating diverse T cell populations.