Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 6, 2026
05:52
Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
Published on: November 21, 2013
Tardive dyskinesia and new antipsychotics
Christoph U Correll1, Eva M Schenk
1The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. ccorrell@lij.edu
Current Opinion in Psychiatry
|March 12, 2008
Summary
Second-generation antipsychotics show a lower tardive dyskinesia risk than first-generation antipsychotics. However, current incidence rates for tardive dyskinesia are higher than previously reported, necessitating further investigation.
Area of Science:
- Psychiatry and Neurology
- Pharmacology
- Clinical Trials
Background:
- Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a potential side effect of antipsychotic medications.
- First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) have been associated with higher TD risks compared to second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs).
- Recent data is needed to update understanding of TD rates with contemporary antipsychotic use.
Purpose of the Study:
- To update the incidence and prevalence rates of tardive dyskinesia (TD) in patients treated with FGAs versus SGAs.
- To analyze TD rates based on patient age groups (children, adults, elderly).
- To compare TD risk between FGAs and SGAs using recent study data.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 trials including 28,051 patients.
- Analysis of annualized TD incidence and point prevalence rates.
- Stratification of TD rates by age group and antipsychotic generation.
Main Results:
- Annual TD incidence was 5.5% for FGAs and 3.9% for SGAs.
- Adults showed significantly higher TD rates with FGAs (7.7%) versus SGAs (2.98%).
- Adult TD prevalence was 32.4% for FGAs, 13.1% for SGAs, and 15.6% for antipsychotic-free patients.
Conclusions:
- Current evidence indicates a lower risk of tardive dyskinesia (TD) with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) compared to first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs).
- Observed TD incidence with SGAs is higher than previously reported, potentially due to study duration and diagnostic criteria.
- Further research is warranted to clarify TD risk with contemporary antipsychotic use.
Related Concept Videos
01:21Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects
Antipsychotic drugs primarily block dopamine and serotonin receptors and cholinergic, adrenergic, and histaminergic receptors, thereby reducing hallucinations and delusions in conditions like schizophrenia. However, they can trigger unwanted extrapyramidal effects such as dystonias, Parkinson-like symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia.
Despite these side effects, antipsychotics are used therapeutically for various purposes, including managing schizophrenia, preventing nausea and vomiting, curbing...
Despite these side effects, antipsychotics are used therapeutically for various purposes, including managing schizophrenia, preventing nausea and vomiting, curbing...
01:24Parkinson's Disease: Treatment
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
01:21Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents
Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
01:28Drug Therapy
The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
Antianxiety Medications
01:28Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview
The term "psychosis" refers to a spectrum of mental disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. It can manifest as mood disorders, dementia, delirium with psychotic features, substance-induced psychosis with psychotic features, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Among all these disorders, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder, affecting 1% of the worldwide population. Psychotic symptoms in all...
01:28Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists
Prokinetic agents are specialized medications that stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, promoting food movement through the GI tract. Dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in this process, reducing GI motility and indirectly controlling the speed of digestion. Dopamine receptor antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, offer a unique advantage as prokinetic agents. By blocking the dopamine receptors, these drugs increase GI motility, improving food...