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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome (45XO) Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome
09:39

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome (45XO) Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome

Published on: December 4, 2021

Hypothyroidism in Turner syndrome.

Corina Lichiardopol1, Maria Moţa

  • 1University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania. corinalich@gmail.com

Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine = Revue Roumaine De Medecine Interne
|March 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Hypothyroidism affects over a third of Turner syndrome (TS) patients, often linked to autoimmunity. This study found correlations between hypothyroidism in TS and factors like thyroid antibodies, maternal age, puberty, and height, but not karyotype.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Turner syndrome (TS) is associated with a higher incidence of hypothyroidism, primarily due to autoimmune causes.
  • Understanding the prevalence and associated factors of hypothyroidism in TS is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with Turner syndrome.
  • To analyze correlations between hypothyroidism and clinical, chromosomal, hormonal, and metabolic features in TS.
  • To compare hypothyroid and euthyroid individuals with TS.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 28 patients with Turner syndrome was studied.
  • Prevalence of hypothyroidism was assessed, and correlations with various parameters were analyzed.

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Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome (45XO) Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome
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  • Patients were categorized into hypothyroid and euthyroid groups for comparison.

    • Main Results:

    • Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 35.7% of the studied TS patients.
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels positively correlated with thyroid autoantibodies, maternal age, spontaneous puberty, and relative height.
    • TSH levels negatively correlated with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, indicating estrogenic status, and were not linked to karyotype.

    Conclusions:

    • Hypothyroidism is prevalent in Turner syndrome and associated with specific clinical and hormonal markers.
    • Hypothyroid TS subjects exhibited greater relative height and lower FSH levels compared to euthyroid subjects.
    • These findings highlight the importance of monitoring thyroid function in individuals with Turner syndrome.