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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Protein Import into the Peroxisomes01:27

Protein Import into the Peroxisomes

Cells contain membrane-bound organelles called peroxisomes that oxidize organic molecules by transferring hydrogen atoms to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes enzymatically convert the released hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Peroxisomal Protein Import:
Peroxisomes lack the genetic machinery required to code for their own proteins. Hence, most peroxisomal membrane, lumenal and transmembrane proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm or ER and transported to the peroxisome...
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Histological Examination of Mitochondrial Morphology in a Parkinson's Disease Model
06:07

Histological Examination of Mitochondrial Morphology in a Parkinson's Disease Model

Published on: June 23, 2023

Mitochondrial disorders in the nervous system.

Salvatore DiMauro1, Eric A Schon

  • 1Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. sd12@columbia.edu

Annual Review of Neuroscience
|March 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial diseases, beyond respiratory chain issues, involve protein import and dynamics, impacting neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding these functions is key to new disease insights.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mitochondrial diseases (encephalomyopathies) are often linked to respiratory chain defects, explaining their complexity.
  • Other vital mitochondrial functions include protein importation, organellar dynamics, and programmed cell death.
  • Dysfunction in these non-respiratory chain pathways is increasingly recognized in neurological and age-related neurodegenerative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of non-respiratory chain mitochondrial functions in neurological diseases.
  • To review the impact of altered mitochondrial dynamics on specific neurological and common neurodegenerative disorders.
  • To address pathogenic complexities in respiratory chain defects affecting the nervous system.

Main Methods:

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  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Analysis of genetic and clinical data related to mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Discussion of pathogenic mechanisms linking mitochondrial alterations to neurological phenotypes.

    • Main Results:

    • Defects in mitochondrial protein importation and dynamics contribute to neurological and psychiatric diseases.
    • Altered mitochondrial dynamics are implicated in the etiology of specific neurological conditions.
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in the pathophysiology of common age-related neurodegenerative disorders.

    Conclusions:

    • Mitochondrial diseases encompass a broader range of functional defects than previously assumed.
    • Non-respiratory chain mitochondrial functions are critical for nervous system health.
    • Further research into mitochondrial dynamics and protein handling is crucial for understanding and treating neurodegenerative diseases.