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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

Overview
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
09:42

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

Mammalian DNA methyltransferases: a structural perspective.

Xiaodong Cheng1, Robert M Blumenthal

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. xcheng@emory.edu

Structure (London, England : 1993)
|March 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian DNA methylation, crucial for gene expression, involves DNA nucleotide methyltransferase (Dnmt) proteins. Recent studies offer biochemical and structural insights into Dnmt1, 3a, 3a2, 3b, and 3L functions.

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Published on: December 18, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Molecular Biology
  • Genomics and Gene Regulation

Background:

  • DNA methylation at CpG sites is vital for mammalian gene expression control.
  • Key questions persist regarding the proteins (DNA nucleotide methyltransferases - Dnmt) responsible for DNA methylation and their coordination with histone modifications.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for deciphering epigenetic regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on DNA nucleotide methyltransferase (Dnmt) proteins.
  • To discuss biochemical and structural insights into Dnmt proteins.
  • To elucidate the roles of Dnmt1, 3a, 3a2, 3b, and 3L in DNA methylation and gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent biochemical and structural studies on Dnmt proteins.
  • Analysis of existing data on Dnmt functions and interactions.
  • Comparative examination of different Dnmt family members.

Main Results:

  • Recent research has provided significant biochemical and structural data on Dnmt proteins.
  • Insights into the enzymatic mechanisms and substrate specificities of Dnmt1, 3a, 3a2, 3b, and 3L have emerged.
  • The interplay between DNA methylation and histone modification systems is being clarified.

Conclusions:

  • Dnmt proteins are central players in mammalian DNA methylation and gene expression.
  • Advances in structural and biochemical analyses are enhancing our understanding of Dnmt functions.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex coordination of DNA methylation and histone modification in epigenetic regulation.