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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct01:24

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment01:17

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment

Renal dysfunction significantly impairs the renal clearance of drugs, leading to potential complications in drug therapy. Renal failure, which can be caused by various factors, poses a significant challenge in the elimination of drugs from the body.
One condition associated with renal failure is uremia. Uremia is characterized by impaired glomerular filtration and fluid accumulation in the body. This condition hinders the renal clearance of drugs, resulting in drug accumulation and potential...
Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...

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5/6 Nephrectomy Using Sharp Bipolectomy Via Midline Laparotomy in Rats
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Disparities in renal endowment: causes and consequences.

Julie R Ingelfinger1

  • 1Pediatric Nephrology Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children at Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. jingelfinger@nejm.org

Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
|March 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Preterm infants may have reduced nephron numbers due to ongoing kidney development post-birth, potentially impacting future blood pressure and kidney disease risk. Avoiding kidney toxins is advised for these vulnerable infants.

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Microdissection of Primary Renal Tissue Segments and Incorporation with Novel Scaffold-free Construct Technology
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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

5/6 Nephrectomy Using Sharp Bipolectomy Via Midline Laparotomy in Rats
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Microdissection of Primary Renal Tissue Segments and Incorporation with Novel Scaffold-free Construct Technology
09:00

Microdissection of Primary Renal Tissue Segments and Incorporation with Novel Scaffold-free Construct Technology

Published on: March 27, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Human nephrogenesis (kidney development) concludes by 36 weeks gestation.
  • Preterm infants (<36 weeks) experience continued nephrogenesis post-birth, facing potential renal insults.
  • Nephron endowment influences long-term renal health and susceptibility to hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review human data on nephron number and its assessment.
  • To discuss the implications of reduced nephron endowment in early life.
  • To consider management strategies for individuals with diminished nephron counts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing human studies on nephron number.
  • Analysis of factors affecting nephron endowment during the perinatal period.
  • Synthesis of concepts linking nephron number, perinatal programming, and adult health outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Nephrogenesis completion varies, with preterm birth extending this critical period.
  • Reduced nephron number is linked to perinatal programming and potential long-term health issues.
  • Data on predicting outcomes and guiding management for low nephron endowment is limited.

Conclusions:

  • Preterm birth exposes developing kidneys to potential harm, affecting nephron endowment.
  • Nephron number is a critical factor in adult hypertension and kidney disease pathogenesis.
  • A conservative approach of minimizing nephrotoxins and renal stress is recommended for infants with potential nephron deficit.