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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology01:18

Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology

Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces of the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen delivery. It may be cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, but both reduce oxygenation and lung compliance.Cardiogenic Pulmonary EdemaCardiogenic edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries, usually due to left ventricular dysfunction from myocardial infarction, heart failure, or valvular disease. Ineffective cardiac pumping causes blood to...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management01:28

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition
09:17

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Published on: March 3, 2023

Does re-expansion pulmonary oedema exist?

Carlos Echevarria1, Darragh Twomey, Joel Dunning

  • 1Department of Medicine, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland SR4 7TP, UK. carlosechevarria@doctors.org.uk

Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
|March 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Re-expansion pulmonary oedema (REPO) can occur after lung re-expansion for pneumothorax or pleural effusion, with an incidence of 0-1%. Caution is advised when draining large volumes or in high-risk patients to prevent this complication.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition
09:17

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Published on: March 3, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Thoracic Surgery

Background:

  • Re-expansion pulmonary oedema (REPO) is a potential complication following the treatment of pneumothorax and pleural effusion.
  • Understanding the incidence and risk factors for REPO is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the existence and incidence of re-expansion pulmonary oedema (REPO).
  • To identify patient groups and clinical scenarios associated with a higher risk of REPO.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic search was conducted to identify relevant literature.
  • A best evidence topic was compiled from 233 initially identified papers, focusing on 13 key studies.

Main Results:

  • Re-expansion pulmonary oedema (REPO) does occur following lung re-expansion for pneumothorax and pleural effusion.
  • The incidence of REPO in most studies ranges between 0% and 1%.
  • Higher risk factors include large pneumothoraces, young patients, prolonged lung collapse (>7 days), and large pleural fluid volumes (>3 L).

Conclusions:

  • REPO is a recognized complication of lung re-expansion therapy.
  • Current guidelines suggest draining <1.5 L of pleural fluid at a time, but larger volumes may be drained cautiously.
  • Gradual evacuation and avoidance of high negative intrapleural pressures are recommended, especially in high-risk individuals.