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Related Concept Videos

Jaundice01:25

Jaundice

Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes
07:54

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

Published on: June 5, 2014

Jaundice in the newborns.

Satish Mishra1, Ramesh Agarwal, Ashok K Deorari

  • 1Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|March 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, or jaundice, affects 5-10% of newborns, with breastfed infants showing distinct patterns. This protocol outlines the latest American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for managing infant jaundice.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatrics
  • Clinical Management

Background:

  • Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a frequent condition, necessitating intervention in 5-10% of newborns.
  • Infant jaundice patterns differ between breastfed and formula-fed infants.
  • Pathological jaundice requires timely and appropriate management strategies.

Framework:

  • The protocol incorporates the latest American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for managing jaundice in term newborns.
  • Specific management guidelines are provided for various infant populations, including sick term, preterm, and low birth weight babies.
  • Distinct protocols address hemolytic jaundice and prolonged hyperbilirubinemia.

Implementation:

  • Standardized approach to neonatal jaundice assessment.
  • Evidence-based treatment algorithms for different clinical scenarios.
  • Facilitates consistent application of AAP recommendations.

Implications:

  • Improved management of neonatal jaundice.
  • Reduced morbidity associated with pathological jaundice.
  • Enhanced clinical decision-making for pediatricians and neonatologists.
  • Standardized care for diverse neonatal populations.