Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage02:01

Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage

Alkynes undergo oxidative cleavage in the presence of oxidizing reagents like potassium permanganate and ozone. The triple bond — one σ bond and two π bonds — is completely cleaved, and the alkyne is oxidized to carboxylic acids. When warm and basic aqueous potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent, alkynes are first converted to carboxylate salts via an unstable α-diketone intermediate. Further, a mild acid treatment protonates the carboxylate anions generating free carboxylic acid...
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
Enolate Mechanism Conventions01:15

Enolate Mechanism Conventions

When a carbonyl compound is treated with a strong base, the α position gets deprotonated to give a resonance-stabilized intermediate called an enolate. Enolates are ambident nucleophiles because they possess two nucleophilic sites that can attack an electrophile owing to the delocalization of the negative charge between the α carbon and oxygen atoms. When the oxygen atom attacks an electrophile, it is called O-attack, whereas electrophilic attack via the α carbon is known as C-attack.
C-attack...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Crystal Structure of a Cobalt MOF Containing Cyclotriveratrylene and Its Application for Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine and Epinephrine.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Baicalein with a New Sensor Based on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube and Metal-Organic Framework.

Inorganic chemistry·2025
Same author

Electrochemical Detection of Chloramphenicol with Different Modified Electrodes Based on the Metal-Cyclotriveratrylene Framework and Mesoporous Carbon.

Inorganic chemistry·2025
Same author

Efficient Electrochemical Sensing of Chlorpromazine with a Composite of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and a Thiacalix[4]arene-Based Metal-Organic Framework.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2024
Same author

Medium entropy FeCoNi nanoalloy supported on reduced graphene oxide for efficient electrochemical detection of roxarsone in food samples.

Food chemistry·2024
Same author

A new thiacalix[4]arene-based metal-organic framework as an efficient electrochemical sensor for trace detection of Cd<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2</sup>.

Food chemistry·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Discovery and Synthesis Optimization of Isoreticular Al(III) Phosphonate-Based Metal-Organic Framework Compounds Using High-Throughput Methods
07:20

Discovery and Synthesis Optimization of Isoreticular Al(III) Phosphonate-Based Metal-Organic Framework Compounds Using High-Throughput Methods

Published on: October 6, 2023

Tin-oxo clusters based on aryl arsonate anions.

Yun-Peng Xie1, Jin Yang, Jian-Fang Ma

  • 1Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New organostannoxane cluster compounds were synthesized from triphenyltin precursors and aryl arsonic acids. The study details their classification into four structural types based on subtle precursor variations.

More Related Videos

Metal-free Synthesis of Ynones from Acyl Chlorides and Potassium Alkynyltrifluoroborate Salts
09:58

Metal-free Synthesis of Ynones from Acyl Chlorides and Potassium Alkynyltrifluoroborate Salts

Published on: February 24, 2015

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
05:15

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Published on: February 6, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Discovery and Synthesis Optimization of Isoreticular Al(III) Phosphonate-Based Metal-Organic Framework Compounds Using High-Throughput Methods
07:20

Discovery and Synthesis Optimization of Isoreticular Al(III) Phosphonate-Based Metal-Organic Framework Compounds Using High-Throughput Methods

Published on: October 6, 2023

Metal-free Synthesis of Ynones from Acyl Chlorides and Potassium Alkynyltrifluoroborate Salts
09:58

Metal-free Synthesis of Ynones from Acyl Chlorides and Potassium Alkynyltrifluoroborate Salts

Published on: February 24, 2015

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
05:15

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Published on: February 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Organotin compounds and aryl arsonic acids are versatile precursors in inorganic synthesis.
  • The formation of tin-oxygen (Sn-O) clusters is of interest for their structural diversity and potential applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel Sn-O cluster compounds.
  • To investigate the structural diversity arising from reactions between triphenyltin precursors and various aryl arsonic acids.
  • To classify the resulting organostannoxanes based on their structural motifs.

Main Methods:

  • Reaction of triphenyltin hydroxide (Ph3SnOH) or chloride (Ph3SnCl) with a series of substituted aryl arsonic acids (RAsO3H2).
  • Structural characterization of the synthesized 18 Sn-O cluster compounds.
  • Analysis of the building blocks and core structures (stannoxane cores) of the different compound types.

Main Results:

  • Eighteen novel Sn-O cluster compounds were successfully synthesized.
  • The compounds were classified into four distinct structural types (A, B, C, D) based on their molecular architecture.
  • Structures feature [Sn3(mu3-O)(mu2-OR')2] or [Sn3(mu3-O)(mu2-OR')3] building blocks, with stannoxane cores formed from one or two such units.
  • Reactions involved partial or complete dearylation of the triphenyltin precursor, influenced by precursor choice.

Conclusions:

  • Subtle variations in organotin precursors and aryl arsonic acids lead to diverse organostannoxane structures.
  • The study provides insights into the synthesis, structural classification, and interrelationships of these complex cluster compounds.
  • Understanding these structural variations is key to controlling the formation of organostannoxanes.