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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach

Published on: November 5, 2019

Comparative lesion sequencing provides insights into tumor evolution.

Siân Jones¹, Wei-Dong Chen, Giovanni Parmigiani

¹The Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Department of Biostatistics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|March 14, 2008

Summary

Analyzing common mutations reveals tumor evolution timelines. Colorectal cancer metastasis is rapid, requiring few genetic changes, with mutation rates similar to normal cells.

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Detecting Somatic Genetic Alterations in Tumor Specimens by Exon Capture and Massively Parallel Sequencing

Detecting Somatic Genetic Alterations in Tumor Specimens by Exon Capture and Massively Parallel Sequencing

Published on: October 18, 2013

Area of Science:

Oncology
Genetics
Cancer Biology

Background:

Colorectal tumorigenesis involves a multi-step process from benign to metastatic cancer.
Understanding the evolutionary timeline and genetic underpinnings of metastasis is crucial for effective cancer treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the temporal separation between the emergence of benign, invasive, and metastatic colorectal tumor cells.
To investigate the genetic events driving cancer progression and metastasis.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of common mutations in tumor cells at different stages (benign, invasive, metastatic).
Integration of mutation data with existing clinical observations.

Main Results:

Colorectal cancer progression from benign to advanced stages takes approximately 17 years.
Acquisition of metastatic capability occurs rapidly (<2 years) within advanced cancers.
Minimal selective events are needed for invasive cancer cells to acquire metastatic potential.
Ex vivo cell culture does not introduce new clonal mutations.
Point mutation rates in advanced cancers are comparable to normal cells.

Conclusions:

Metastasis is a late-stage event in colorectal cancer, developing rapidly from advanced tumors.
The genetic landscape of metastasis suggests a process driven by few, if any, specific selective pressures.
Mutation rates in cancer cells do not significantly differ from normal cells, highlighting the importance of accumulated mutations over time.