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Herpes

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...

Genital Herpes

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Live Cell Imaging of Alphaherpes Virus Anterograde Transport and Spread

Live Cell Imaging of Alphaherpes Virus Anterograde Transport and Spread

Published on: August 16, 2013

Live visualization of herpes simplex virus type 1 compartment dynamics.

Anna Paula de Oliveira¹, Daniel L Glauser, Andrea S Laimbacher

¹Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.

Journal of Virology

|March 14, 2008

Summary

Researchers engineered a triple-fluorescent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to track viral proteins. This recombinant virus reveals new insights into how capsid, tegument, and envelope proteins interact during infection.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Live Cell Imaging of Alphaherpes Virus Anterograde Transport and Spread

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Published on: August 16, 2013

Temporal Analysis of the Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic Translocation of a Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Protein by Immunofluorescent Confocal Microscopy

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Published on: November 4, 2018

Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Published on: August 24, 2015

Area of Science:

Virology
Molecular Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) assembly involves intricate protein interactions across capsid, tegument, and envelope compartments.
Understanding the dynamic localization and trafficking of these viral proteins is crucial for deciphering the HSV-1 life cycle.

Purpose of the Study:

To construct and characterize a replication-competent recombinant HSV-1 (rHSV-RYC) that simultaneously expresses fluorescently tagged capsid, tegument, and envelope proteins.
To visualize and analyze the dynamic behavior and compartmentalization of these tagged proteins throughout the HSV-1 infection process.

Main Methods:

Construction of a triple-fluorescent recombinant HSV-1 (rHSV-RYC) encoding monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP)-VP26, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP)-gH, and VP16-enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP).
Infection of cells with rHSV-RYC and live-cell imaging to track the localization and dynamics of the fluorescent fusion proteins using microscopy.
Ultrastructural analysis to compare the recombinant virus with wild-type HSV-1.

Main Results:

rHSV-RYC was replication-competent with delayed kinetics and incorporated fusion proteins into all three virion compartments.
mRFP-VP26 localized to the nucleus, accumulated in viral replication compartments, and formed foci.
EYFP-gH localized to the cytoplasm and nuclear membrane, while VP16-ECFP showed nuclear and cytoplasmic localization, including perinuclear clusters.
All three fusion proteins were observed colocalizing at the plasma membrane late in infection, suggesting incorporation into mature virions.

Conclusions:

The study provides novel insights into the dynamic compartmentalization and interplay of HSV-1 capsid, tegument, and envelope proteins during infection.
The triple-fluorescent reporter system is a valuable tool for studying viral protein dynamics and other events in the HSV-1 life cycle, such as entry and trafficking.