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Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Allosteric Regulation01:08

Allosteric Regulation

Allosteric regulation of enzymes occurs when the binding of an effector molecule to a site that is different from the active site causes a change in the enzymatic activity. This alternate site is called an allosteric site, and an enzyme can contain more than one of these sites. Allosteric regulation can either be positive or negative, resulting in an increase or decrease in enzyme activity. Most enzymes that display allosteric regulation are metabolic enzymes involved in the degradation or...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
09:04

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

Published on: April 19, 2017

Indirect allorecognition: not simple but effective.

Eleanor M Bolton1, J Andrew Bradley, Gavin J Pettigrew

  • 1NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. emb34@cam.ac.uk

Transplantation
|March 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Donor dendritic cells initiate transplant rejection, while recipient antigen-presenting cells sustain it. Understanding CD4 T cell roles in immune responses is key to improving transplant survival.

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Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
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Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
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Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

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Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
08:07

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Published on: September 6, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Transplantation immunology
  • Cellular immunology

Background:

  • Donor dendritic cells are potent but transient initiators of acute transplant rejection.
  • Recipient antigen-presenting cells presenting donor MHC peptides perpetuate immune responses, contributing to chronic rejection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of donor and recipient antigen-presenting cells in transplant rejection.
  • To explore the function of CD4 T cells in mediating effector and regulatory immune responses against allografts.
  • To discuss strategies for promoting graft survival by modulating these immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and conceptual analysis of immune mechanisms in transplantation.
  • Focus on antigen presentation by dendritic cells and T cell help.
  • Discussion of implications for clinical transplantation.

Main Results:

  • Donor dendritic cells drive early rejection, while recipient antigen-presenting cells cause chronic rejection.
  • CD4 T cells provide critical help for both destructive effector and protective regulatory immune responses.
  • Allopeptide recognition by T cells is central to both rejection and tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Modulating antigen presentation and CD4 T cell responses is crucial for enhancing transplant survival.
  • Targeting specific immune pathways offers potential for preventing acute and chronic rejection.
  • Further research into T cell help is needed to optimize immunosuppressive strategies.