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Design Example: Traverse Angle Computations

Design Example: Traverse Angle Computations

Traverse angle computations are a critical component of surveying, used to compute the internal angles within a closed traverse. A traverse consists of a series of connected lines forming a closed loop, often used for land boundary delineation or mapping. Calculating the internal angles ensures accuracy in the traverse geometry and is essential for checking survey data integrity.The process begins with known azimuths and bearings of the traverse sides. Internal angles at each vertex are...

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An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the torque exerted...

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when a structural member is subjected to bending moments in a plane that does not align with the member's principal axes. This scenario typically arises in beams and other structural components when loads are applied at non-ideal angles, introducing complexities in stress analysis.
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In the site survey of a four-sided traverse, internal angles are essential to ensure geometric accuracy. The survey revealed that the sum of the measured internal angles was 359 degrees and 48 minutes, which is 12 minutes less than the expected 360 degrees. This discrepancy signals an error likely arising from measurement inaccuracies during the fieldwork.To rectify this error, the adjustment process involved distributing the 12-minute shortfall equally across the four internal angles. By...

Contact Angle

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Automatic Laser-based Geometry Capture for Finite Element Analysis of Weld Beads

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Published on: July 25, 2025

Defined solid-angle counter with variable geometry.

E García-Toraño¹, T Durán Ramiro, C Burgos

¹Laboratorio de Metrología de Radiaciones Ionizantes, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain. e.garciatorano@ciemat.es

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine

|March 18, 2008

Summary

A new defined solid-angle counter offers precise standardization for alpha-particle emitters. This instrument achieves low uncertainties and flexible operation for radioactive source calibration.

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Area of Science:

Nuclear Physics
Metrology
Radiation Detection

Background:

Standardization of radioactive sources is crucial for accurate measurements in various scientific fields.
Alpha-particle emitters require specialized techniques for precise quantification due to their short range.
Existing methods may have limitations in efficiency, uncertainty, or operational flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and characterize a novel defined solid-angle counter for the standardization of alpha-particle emitting radioactive sources.
To achieve high counting efficiencies and minimize uncertainties in the measurement process.
To provide a flexible and accurate system for routine calibration of alpha sources.

Main Methods:

Utilized a defined solid-angle geometry with a continuously adjustable source-detector distance (8-19 cm) controlled by a precision guide and ball screw.
Employed a linear encoder for accurate positioning of the radioactive source.
Measured alpha spectra using a large-area (2000 mm²) implanted silicon detector.

Main Results:

Achieved counting efficiencies ranging from 0.023 to 0.004 for small sources, depending on the source-detector distance.
Demonstrated the capability for accurate source positioning.
Attained measurement uncertainties, excluding counting statistics, below 0.1%.

Conclusions:

The developed defined solid-angle counter is a reliable instrument for the standardization of alpha-particle emitters.
The system offers a combination of good counting efficiency, high precision, and operational flexibility.
This advancement contributes to improved accuracy in radioactivity measurements.