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Related Concept Videos

Synaptic Signaling01:12

Synaptic Signaling

Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
Synaptic Signaling01:09

Synaptic Signaling

Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
Most synapses are chemical, meaning an electrical impulse or action potential spurs the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. The neuron sending the signal is called the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron receiving the signal is the postsynaptic neuron.
The presynaptic neuron fires an action potential that...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
Sympathetic Activation01:16

Sympathetic Activation

The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Membrane Potentials, Synaptic Responses, Neuronal Circuitry, Neuromodulation and Muscle Histology Using the Crayfish: Student Laboratory Exercises
16:16

Membrane Potentials, Synaptic Responses, Neuronal Circuitry, Neuromodulation and Muscle Histology Using the Crayfish: Student Laboratory Exercises

Published on: January 18, 2011

Synaptic physiology of central CRH system.

Joel P Gallagher1, Luis F Orozco-Cabal, Jie Liu

  • 1University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Galveston, TX 77555-1031 USA. jpgallag@utmb.edu

European Journal of Pharmacology
|March 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) regulates synaptic transmission in the brain, impacting mental health. This study reveals CRH

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Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) is recognized for its role in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
  • While historically known for regulating the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, CRH's non-HPA axis functions are emerging.
  • CRH and its receptors are implicated in CNS synaptic transmission, relevant to neurological and mental disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neuroregulatory and neuromodulatory actions of CRH at specific limbic synapses.
  • To propose a novel stress circuit involving CRH at key brain synapses.
  • To highlight the significance of CRH ligands and receptors in the pharmacotherapy of CNS synaptic transmission disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings to demonstrate CRH actions at three limbic synapses.
  • Analysis of CRH's role in synaptic transmission within the basolateral amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and lateral septum.
  • Presentation of a novel stress circuit model.

Main Results:

  • CRH exhibits significant neuroregulatory and neuromodulatory effects at the basolateral amygdala to central amygdala synapse.
  • CRH influences synaptic transmission at the basolateral amygdala to medial prefrontal cortex synapse.
  • CRH modulates neurotransmission at the lateral septum mediolateral nucleus synapse, forming a novel stress circuit.

Conclusions:

  • CRH and its receptors play a crucial role in regulating synaptic transmission outside the HPA axis.
  • The identified CRH-mediated stress circuit is a key factor in CNS disorders.
  • CRH ligands and receptors are significant etiological factors for mental diseases linked to CNS synaptic transmission.