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Related Concept Videos

Impact01:30

Impact

Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
When particles with different initial velocities collide, they induce deformation by applying equal and opposite impulses. At the point of maximum deformation, the particles move together with...
Elastic Collisions: Introduction01:00

Elastic Collisions: Introduction

An elastic collision is one that conserves both internal kinetic energy and momentum. Internal kinetic energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in a system. Truly elastic collisions can only be achieved with subatomic particles, such as electrons striking nuclei. Macroscopic collisions can be very nearly, but not quite, elastic, as some kinetic energy is always converted into other forms of energy such as heat transfer due to friction and sound. An example of a nearly...
Types Of Collisions - I01:04

Types Of Collisions - I

When two objects come in direct contact with each other, it is called a collision. During a collision, two or more objects exert forces on each other in a relatively short amount of time. A collision can be categorized as either an elastic or inelastic collision. If two or more objects approach each other, collide and then bounce off, moving away from each other with the same relative speed at which they approached each other, the total kinetic energy of the system is said to be conserved. This...
Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction01:05

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction

It is far more common for collisions to occur in two dimensions; that is, the initial velocity vectors are neither parallel nor antiparallel to each other. Let's see what complications arise from this. The first idea is that momentum is a vector. Like all vectors, it can be expressed as a sum of perpendicular components (usually, though not always, an x-component and a y-component, and a z-component if necessary). Thus, when the statement of conservation of momentum is written for a problem,...
Types of Collisions - II01:19

Types of Collisions - II

When two or more objects collide with each other, they can stick together to form one single composite object (after collision). The total mass of the object after the collision is the sum of the masses of the original objects, and it moves with a velocity dictated by the conservation of momentum. Although the system's total momentum remains constant, the kinetic energy decreases, and thus such a collision is an inelastic collision. Most of the collisions between objects in daily life are...
Contact Angle01:13

Contact Angle

When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive force...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions
08:49

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions

Published on: February 17, 2019

A mixed contact model for an immersed collision between two solid surfaces.

Fu-Ling Yang1, Melany L Hunt

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China. fulingyang@ntu.edu.tw

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|March 20, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The surrounding liquid significantly alters solid particle collisions, impacting granular flow. A new "mixed contact" model accurately captures these wet particle interactions, improving simulations.

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Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface
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Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions
08:49

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions

Published on: February 17, 2019

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface
08:34

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Published on: April 17, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Ambient liquid presence modifies solid surface collisions, affecting granular flow behavior.
  • Existing models using elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) often neglect liquid effects during particle contact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how surrounding liquid influences the impact and rebound of solid spheres.
  • To develop a novel collision model that accounts for both surface asperities and interstitial liquid.

Main Methods:

  • Formulated a 'mixed contact' mechanism combining asperity interactions and liquid effects.
  • Introduced a recovery factor to quantify energy loss from asperity-liquid interactions.
  • Developed a generalized collision model with a fourth non-dimensional parameter.

Main Results:

  • The new 'mixed contact' model shows improved performance compared to existing models when validated with experimental data.
  • The model successfully characterizes additional energy dissipation due to asperity-liquid interactions.
  • A generalized collision model was established, incorporating wet coefficient of restitution, Stokes number, elasticity parameter, and a new momentum-impulse parameter.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 'mixed contact' collision model provides a more accurate representation of solid particle collisions in liquids.
  • This model can be integrated into numerical simulations for enhanced prediction of bulk solid-liquid mixture dynamics.
  • The findings offer a more comprehensive understanding of granular flow in the presence of liquids.