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Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
07:38

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats

Published on: May 27, 2021

Tourette's syndrome.

Christopher Kenney1, Sheng-Han Kuo, Joohi Jimenez-Shahed

  • 1Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.

American Family Physician
|March 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tourette's syndrome, a common childhood movement disorder causing tics, often co-occurs with ADHD and OCD. Early diagnosis and treatment, including behavioral or pharmacologic therapies, can significantly improve a child's quality of life.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
07:38

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats

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Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism
08:03

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Published on: July 5, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Tourette's syndrome is a prevalent childhood movement disorder characterized by involuntary motor and phonic tics.
  • It frequently co-occurs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
  • The syndrome's varied presentation can complicate diagnosis, sometimes mimicking other hyperkinetic disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of Tourette's syndrome, including its etiology, diagnosis, and management.
  • To highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis for effective treatment.
  • To discuss current therapeutic strategies and their associated considerations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Tourette's syndrome.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and differential diagnoses.
  • Summary of treatment modalities, including behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical options.

Main Results:

  • Tourette's syndrome is linked to basal ganglia dysfunction.
  • First-line pharmacologic treatment includes alpha2-adrenergic agonists.
  • Dopamine-receptor blocking drugs are used for complex tics but carry potential side effects.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome is crucial for effective management.
  • Treatment approaches should be tailored to the most debilitating symptoms.
  • Intervention can substantially enhance psychosocial functioning and quality of life for affected children.