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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:
Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...
Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions01:16

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions

Consider an external electric field propagating through a homogeneous medium. When the electric field crosses the surface boundary of the medium, it undergoes a discontinuity. The electric field can be resolved into normal and tangential components. The amount by which the field changes at any boundary is given by the difference between the field components above and below the surface boundary.
The surface integral of an electric field is given by Gauss's law in integral form and is related to...

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Molecular Diffusion in Plasma Membranes of Primary Lymphocytes Measured by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
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Diffusion in a time-dependent external field.

S A Trigger1, G J F van Heijst, O F Petrov

  • 1Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13/19, Izhorskaia Strasse, Moscow 127412, Russia. strig@gmx.net

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|March 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study examines diffusion in time-dependent fields using a generalized master equation. It validates a phenomenological approach for particle diffusion, including those with rest periods.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Systems

Background:

  • Diffusion in time-dependent and inhomogeneous external fields presents significant theoretical challenges.
  • Existing models often struggle to accurately capture complex diffusion dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze diffusion in time-dependent external fields using a generalized master equation.
  • To validate a phenomenological approach for diffusion processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a generalized master equation with two times.
  • Applying the quasi-Fokker-Planck approximation for diffusion analysis.
  • Comparing results with hydrodynamic and kinetic equations.

Main Results:

  • The quasi-Fokker-Planck approximation is suitable for diffusion without long tails in coordinate space.
  • A novel "collision" integral effectively describes diffusion of particles with rest periods.
  • The phenomenological approach is confirmed by solutions of kinetic equations.

Conclusions:

  • The generalized master equation provides a robust framework for studying diffusion in complex fields.
  • The phenomenological approach is validated for describing particle diffusion, including systems with intermittent motion.