Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The de Broglie Wavelength

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...

Photoelectric Effect

Photoelectric Effect

When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...

The Bohr Model

The Bohr Model

Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the nucleus...

Bewley Lattice Diagram

Bewley Lattice Diagram

The Bewley lattice diagram, developed by L. V. Bewley, effectively organizes the reflections occurring during transmission-line transients. It visually represents how voltage waves propagate and reflect within a transmission line, making it easier to understand the complex interactions that occur.

Standing Waves in a Cavity

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

An Artificial Intelligence Dose Engine for Fast Carbon Ion Treatment Planning.

International journal of particle therapy·2026

Same author

In silico evaluation of the potential of very high energy electrons delivered in both conventional and FLASH regimes for the SBRT treatment of pancreatic cancer: A report of three case studies.

Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)·2025

Same author

IOeRT conventional and FLASH treatment planning system implementation exploiting fast GPU Monte Carlo: The case of breast cancer.

Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)·2024

Same author

Investigation on the origin of hot electrons in laser plasma interaction at shock ignition intensities.

Scientific reports·2023

Same author

GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon interactions for radiotherapy applications.

Physics in medicine and biology·2022

Same author

Proton stopping measurements at low velocity in warm dense carbon.

Nature communications·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Three-dimensional Wigner-function description of the quantum free-electron laser.

N Piovella¹, M M Cola, L Volpe

¹Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy.

Physical Review Letters

|March 21, 2008

Summary

A new quantum model for free-electron lasers (FELs) with laser wigglers offers a compact X-ray source. This model accounts for quantum effects and beam dynamics, enabling precise X-ray generation.

More Related Videos

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Published on: February 4, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Published on: February 4, 2017

Area of Science:

Quantum physics
Laser science
Particle accelerators

Background:

Free-electron lasers (FELs) are advanced light sources.
Operating FELs in the quantum regime promises compact and monochromatic X-ray generation.
Existing models may not fully capture quantum effects in FELs.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a complete quantum model for a three-dimensional FEL with a laser wiggler.
To incorporate longitudinal momentum quantization into the FEL model.
To describe the full spatial and temporal evolution of electron and radiation beams.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a discrete Wigner-function formalism.
Accounting for longitudinal momentum quantization.
Including diffraction, propagation, laser wiggler profile, and emittance effects.

Main Results:

The model describes the complete evolution of electron and radiation beams.
It incorporates quantum effects and classical approximations for transverse motion.
The derived Wigner function equation reduces to the 3D Vlasov equation in the classical limit.

Conclusions:

The developed quantum model provides a comprehensive framework for FELs operating in the quantum regime.
This model can accurately simulate FEL performance, including diffraction and emittance.
Preliminary results suggest feasibility for experimental implementation.