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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Dry Eye: A Focus on Imaging Protocols and Interpretation
Published on: November 11, 2025
Documentation of corneal epithelial defects with fluorescein-enhanced digital fundus camera photography
Simon J Dean1, Elena S Novitskaya, Tara C B Moore
1Bedford Hospital NHS Trust, Bedford, and Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, UK. simondean@xtra.co.nz
Abstract:
The advent of digital photography in the ophthalmic setting has provided not only a means of documenting pathology, but with instantaneous results, it is possible to aid clinical diagnosis and management. This study was designed to demonstrate the ability to image corneal epithelial lesions stained with fluorescein, with a digital fundus camera set on fluorescein angiography settings. The contrast of this technique demonstrated both gross and subtle corneal epithelial lesions better than traditional methods. The results obtained demonstrated the high sensitivity and high contrast images this technique can facilitate in every ophthalmic practice equipped with a fundus camera with digital fluorescein angiography capability.

