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Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in response to fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant stimuli

Peter Jönsson1, Maria Hansson-Sandsten

  • 1Department of Psychology, Lund University, Sweden. Peter.Jonsson@psychology.lu.se

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
|March 21, 2008
PubMed

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Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
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Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
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