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Crossing over

Crossing over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Transformation

Transformation

Microbial communities are dynamic environments where cell lysis releases free DNA into the surroundings. Other cells can take up this extracellular DNA through a process known as transformation.When a cell incorporates this foreign DNA into its genome, resulting in genetic modification, the process is known as transformation. Cells capable of this process are termed competent. Competence can be natural, as observed in certain bacteria and archaea, or artificially induced in the...

Transformations of Functions III

Transformations of Functions III

Transformations modify the graphical representation of a function without changing its fundamental form. One common transformation is reflection, which flips the graph across a designated axis. When the vertical coordinates of all points are multiplied by the negative one, the entire graph is mirrored over the horizontal axis. This transformation reverses the vertical orientation of peaks and troughs, akin to signal inversion in electrical systems, where a waveform is flipped, but the timing of...

Source Transformation

Source Transformation

Source transformation is a fundamental technique employed in circuit analysis, offering a valuable tool for simplifying complex electrical circuits. This technique involves the replacement of either a voltage source in series with a resistor by a current source in parallel with a resistor, or vice versa. The key concept here is that when the original sources are deactivated (turned off), the equivalent resistance at the circuit's end terminals remains the same.
It is essential to note that when...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

Transformation, translation and TRAIL: an unexpected intersection.

Shai White-Gilbertson¹, Semyon Rubinchik, Christina Voelkel-Johnson

¹Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, PO Box 250504/BSB201, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. whitesh@musc.edu

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews

|March 21, 2008

Summary

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) sensitivity in cancer cells may stem from translational arrest. This arrest lowers the apoptotic threshold, making cancer cells vulnerable to TRAIL-induced cell death.

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Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

Mitochondrial Transformation in Baker's Yeast to Study Translation and Respiratory Complex Assembly

Mitochondrial Transformation in Baker's Yeast to Study Translation and Respiratory Complex Assembly

Published on: June 7, 2024

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Cancer Research

Background:

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is crucial for tumor surveillance and immune tolerance.
TRAIL selectively induces apoptosis in malignant cells, but the reasons for this sensitivity are not fully understood.
Understanding TRAIL sensitivity mechanisms is key to developing targeted cancer therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a novel hypothesis linking TRAIL sensitivity to translational regulation.
To investigate the role of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EF2) inactivation in TRAIL sensitivity.
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying differential TRAIL sensitivity between cancer and normal cells.

Main Methods:

The study proposes a hypothesis based on existing knowledge of protein turnover and cellular stress responses.
It involves analyzing the impact of translational arrest on protein levels of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors.
The research focuses on the functional consequences of EF2 inactivation on cellular sensitivity to TRAIL.

Main Results:

Proposed that stresses inactivating eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EF2) lead to translational arrest.
Hypothesized that this arrest causes a rapid decrease in short-lived anti-apoptotic proteins.
This imbalance between pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins lowers the apoptotic threshold, sensitizing cells to TRAIL.

Conclusions:

EF2 inactivation and subsequent translational arrest are proposed as a novel mechanism for TRAIL sensitivity in cancer.
This mechanism explains how cancer cells become susceptible to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
EF2 is suggested to function as a cellular damage sensor, integrating stress signals to modulate apoptosis.