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Mass Analyzers: Common Types

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

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An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.

Resonance

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O bonds.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F⁻

Published on: July 27, 2018

Line shapes in triple-resonance ionization spectroscopy.

W Nörtershäuser¹, B A Bushaw, P Müller

¹Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.

|March 21, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Calculations accurately predict line shapes in calcium spectroscopy, confirming complex atomic state couplings. This method achieves high optical isotopic selectivity for ultratrace isotope detection.

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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

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Area of Science:

Atomic Physics
Spectroscopy
Quantum Optics

Background:

High-resolution spectroscopy is crucial for understanding atomic structure and interactions.
Triple-resonance ionization spectroscopy offers a powerful tool for probing complex atomic systems.
Accurate theoretical models are needed to interpret experimental results in atomic spectroscopy.

Purpose of the Study:

To calculate and compare line shapes in triple-resonance ionization spectroscopy of calcium.
To investigate the influence of atomic and laser parameters on spectral line shapes.
To assess the capability of the theoretical model for predicting optical isotopic selectivity.

Main Methods:

Density matrix formalism was employed to calculate atomic line shapes.
Integration of fundamental equations over experimental atomic distributions and laser profiles.
Comparison of calculated spectra with experimental measurements on the calcium 4s2 1S0 --> 4s4p 1P1 --> 4s4d 1D2 --> 4snf 1F3 --> Ca+ system.

Main Results:

Calculated line shapes accurately reproduced experimental measurements across a wide dynamic range.
Predicted structures arising from the coupling of four atomic states and three laser fields were confirmed.
The effects of different laser beam geometries on line shapes were investigated.
Good agreement was achieved between theoretical predictions and experimental data.

Conclusions:

The density matrix formalism provides an accurate method for calculating line shapes in complex atomic systems.
The study demonstrates the potential for high optical isotopic selectivity in multistep resonance ionization.
The developed method is expected to enable the detection of ultratrace isotopes like 41Ca with high precision.