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Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow
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Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

Published on: January 13, 2017

A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of articaine and lidocaine for maxillary infiltrations

Grace Evans1, John Nusstein, Melissa Drum

  • 1Division of Endodontics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.

Journal of Endodontics
|March 25, 2008
PubMed

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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...