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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...
Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation
07:11

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Published on: December 8, 2023

Developmental neuroimaging of the human ventral visual cortex.

Kalanit Grill-Spector1, Golijeh Golarai, John Gabrieli

  • 1Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. kalanit@psych.stanford.edu <kalanit@psych.stanford.edu>

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|March 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The human ventral stream develops slowly, with face-selective areas taking over a decade to mature. This prolonged development impacts recognition memory and is shaped by experience.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The human ventral stream is crucial for visual object and face recognition.
  • Its development from childhood to adulthood is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the developmental trajectory of the human ventral stream.
  • To explore the prolonged development of face-selective regions.
  • To link ventral stream development to recognition memory performance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent neuroimaging and behavioral studies.
  • Analysis of developmental changes across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
  • Synthesis of evidence on neural mechanisms and representational changes.

Main Results:

  • Ventral stream regions exhibit differential developmental timelines.
  • Face-selective areas show a protracted development, maturing over more than a decade.
  • Developmental changes correlate with age-dependent improvements in recognition memory.

Conclusions:

  • Experience plays a significant role in shaping ventral stream representations.
  • The extended maturation period of face-selective regions is critical for adult-like performance.
  • Understanding this development offers insights into neural plasticity and visual cognition.