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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
Published on: January 10, 2013
Medical expulsive therapy
Samuel P Sterrett1, Stephen Y Nakada
1Division of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
Abstract:
Minimally invasive therapies for urolithiasis including extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrostolithotomy are highly efficacious, yet expensive. Medical expulsive therapy offers a cost-effective, nonsurgical approach for appropriate patients with ureteral stones. The use of hormones, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, calcium channel blockers, corticosteroids, and adrenergic alpha antagonists all have been proposed as a way to enhance stone passage. In view of the available clinical trials and meta-analysis, patients with distal ureteral stones measuring 1 cm who are candidates for observation deserve a trial of medical expulsive therapy. Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, and adrenergic alpha antagonists have been proven to be clinically efficacious, safe, and well tolerated as medical expulsive agents.
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