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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Problem-Solving01:29

Problem-Solving

Effective problem-solving consists of two steps: 1. identifying the problem and 2. selecting the appropriate problem-solving strategy (i.e., a plan of action used to find a solution). Humans use four problem-solving strategies:
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Principle of Virtual Work: Problem Solving01:13

Principle of Virtual Work: Problem Solving

The principle of virtual work is an essential concept in the field of mechanics and engineering. This is used to solve problems related to the equilibrium of a structure or system. It is based on the assumption that if a system is in equilibrium, the work done by all the forces during a virtual displacement is zero. This principle is applied by considering virtual displacements of the system and the corresponding work done by internal and external forces.
To apply the principle of virtual work,...
Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in situations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

Problem-based learning and task-based learning: a practical synthesis.

Yuzo Takahashi1

  • 1Department of Parasitology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan. yu3@gifu-u.ac.jp

The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences
|June 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Problem-based learning (PBL) often struggles with tutor expertise. Combining PBL with task-based learning (TBL) provides structured guidance, ensuring students cover key learning issues effectively.

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Published on: July 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Pedagogy

Background:

  • Problem-based learning (PBL) programs frequently face challenges in securing adequately expert tutors.
  • This shortage can lead to student anxiety about receiving sufficient guidance and concerns from case writers about tutor effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a hybrid approach integrating Problem-based Learning (PBL) with Task-based Learning (TBL) to address tutor expertise limitations in medical education.

Main Methods:

  • The proposed method involves supplementing standard PBL tutorials with an additional "task sheet" developed by the case writer.
  • This sheet outlines critical learning issues, research questions, and perspectives for student investigation.

Main Results:

  • This approach reduces the dependency on highly specialized tutors for every PBL case.
  • It enhances student confidence by ensuring they are directed toward essential learning objectives, mitigating fears of missing crucial information.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating Task-based Learning (TBL) elements into Problem-based Learning (PBL) offers a practical solution to tutor expertise challenges.
  • This hybrid model supports student learning and improves the overall effectiveness of PBL case discussions.