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Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

Echo

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case, then the...

Auditory Perception

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...

Perception of Sound Waves

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same frequency...

Heart Sounds

Heart Sounds

Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V) valves at the...

Sound Waves

Sound Waves

Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium's particles vibrate along its direction of motion, the waves can be modeled as the displacement of the medium's particles from their mean position.
Sound waves are longitudinal in most fluids because fluids cannot sustain any lateral pressure. In solids, however, shear forces help in propagating the disturbance in the lateral direction as well. Hence,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish

Published on: July 18, 2020

Hear it, watch it, read it.

Science Signaling

|March 28, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Science Signaling enhances scientific discovery through new online features. Explore cell signaling research via podcasts, meeting reports, and funding opportunities.

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Area of Science:

Cellular and Molecular Biology
Biochemistry
Physiology

Background:

Science Signaling is expanding its online platform to improve scientific communication.
New sections aim to make complex research more accessible to a broader audience.

Discussion:

Podcasts offer digestible summaries of current cell signaling research.
Meeting reports and presentations are now integrated into the Community section's Events calendar.
These features extend the reach of scientific highlights beyond traditional venues.

Key Insights:

The journal leverages online media for enhanced scientific discovery and communication.
New podcast features provide portable and understandable summaries of cell signaling research.
Community section updates include meeting reports and presentations for wider dissemination.

Outlook:

Continued integration of online media will foster greater scientific engagement.
Accessibility of research findings will be improved through diverse content formats.
Collaboration with resources like GrantsNet will support researchers by providing access to funding information.