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Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
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Refractive lenses for coherent x-ray sources.

R H Pantell, J Feinstein, H R Beguiristain

    Applied Optics
    |March 28, 2008
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    Summary

    Compound refractive lenses (CRLs) successfully focus incoherent x-rays, achieving high intensity gains for coherent x-ray sources. These lenses offer a practical method for generating small, intense images with minimal pulse broadening.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • X-ray Science and Technology

    Background:

    • X-rays require refractive lenses with a refractive index close to unity, leading to long focal lengths for single elements.
    • Compound refractive lenses (CRLs), stacks of N elements, reduce focal length by a factor of N.
    • Coherent x-ray sources with specific wavelengths and diameters are under development, necessitating advanced focusing optics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the focusing capabilities of compound refractive lenses (CRLs) for x-ray applications.
    • To analyze the performance of CRLs with coherent x-ray sources.
    • To evaluate intensity gain and image characteristics when using CRLs.

    Main Methods:

    • Focusing of incoherent x-rays (0.5-2 A) using CRLs.
    • Analysis of CRL performance with coherent x-ray sources using the Kirchhoff integral.
    • Evaluation of intensity gain, image size, and optimal CRL placement.

    Main Results:

    • CRLs can focus x-rays, achieving intensity gains of 10^5-10^6.
    • Image intensity is maximized when the CRL is placed 100-200 m from the source.
    • The diffraction-limited spot diameter is approximately 0.12 µm, with chromatic aberration being a significant factor.

    Conclusions:

    • CRLs are effective for focusing x-rays and creating intense images from coherent sources.
    • CRL performance analysis indicates high potential for applications requiring small, bright x-ray spots.
    • Chromatic correction is crucial for minimizing image size increase in CRL-focused x-ray systems.