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Related Concept Videos

FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs01:26

FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs

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Post-approval, manufacturers may modify an approved new or generic drug product. Such modifications can encompass alterations in the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), manufacturing process, formulation, batch size, manufacturing site, and container closure system (FDA Guidance for Industry, April 2004). Often, a drug product may undergo multiple changes.These modifications require careful evaluation to determine their potential impact on the drug product's identity, strength, quality,...
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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

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The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each...
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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

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Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
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Induced-fit Model01:13

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Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
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The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro
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[Drug induced QT prolongation].

David Altmann1, Urs Eggmann, Peter Ammann

  • 1Fachbereich Kardiologie Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland.

Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift
|March 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Prolonging the QT interval on ECGs increases the risk of torsades de pointes, a dangerous heart rhythm. Many drugs can cause this, and risk factors like electrolyte imbalances heighten susceptibility.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Electrophysiology

Context:

  • QT interval prolongation on ECG signifies delayed ventricular repolarization.
  • This is a significant risk factor for torsades de pointes (TdP), a life-threatening ventricular tachycardia.
  • Both congenital and acquired forms of Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) exist, with acquired LQTS often linked to medications.

Purpose:

  • To review the causes, risks, and management of QT interval prolongation.
  • To highlight the association between various drugs and QT prolongation.
  • To inform about risk factors and therapeutic strategies for TdP.

Summary:

  • Numerous drugs (e.g., antiarrhythmics, antibiotics, antidepressants) can prolong the QT interval by blocking potassium channels crucial for repolarization.

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  • Drug interactions and metabolic disturbances can contribute to acquired LQTS.
  • Individual risk prediction for drug-induced QT prolongation is challenging; risk factors include hypokalemia and co-administration of QT-prolonging agents.

    • Impact:

    • External defibrillation is crucial for hemodynamically unstable TdP patients.
    • Intravenous magnesium and high-rate pacing can terminate TdP in stable patients.
    • Regular ECG monitoring is essential during treatment with QT-prolonging drugs, especially with dose changes or altered patient conditions.