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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

Blood Types

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...

Multiple Allele Traits

Multiple Allele Traits

The Concept of Multiple Allelism

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

Antigen Processing Pathways

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: October 15, 2021

HLA class I epitopes: A and B loci.

Nadim El-Awar¹, Dan Cook, Paul I Terasaki

¹One Lambda Inc., Canoga Park, CA, USA.

Clinical Transplants

|March 28, 2008

Summary

Researchers used recombinant human leukocyte antigen (HLA) single antigens to identify antibody specificities. They expanded the HLA class I epitope list to 94, finding shared amino acids define these epitopes.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I epitopes are crucial for immune recognition.
Previous work established recombinant HLA single antigen cell lines (rHLA) for antibody specificity identification.

Purpose of the Study:

To expand the repertoire of identified HLA class I epitopes using rHLA technology.
To characterize the molecular basis of epitope sharing among HLA antigens.

Main Methods:

Utilized rHLA cell lines expressing single HLA antigens.
Absorbed mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and alloantibodies to rHLA cell lines.
Eluted bound antibodies and identified specificities based on shared amino acid sequences.

Main Results:

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

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Published on: October 15, 2021

Overlapping Peptide Library to Map Qa-1 Epitopes in a Protein

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Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

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Expanded the catalog of HLA class I epitopes to 94.
Demonstrated that up to 58 HLA antigens can share a single epitope.
Identified unique amino acid variations at 1-4 positions on the HLA alpha chain as defining characteristics of epitopes.

Conclusions:

Recombinant HLA single antigens are powerful tools for defining antibody specificities.
Epitope definition relies on specific amino acid residues within the HLA molecule.
This expanded epitope catalog enhances understanding of HLA-antibody interactions.