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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Antigen Processing Pathways

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: October 15, 2021

HLA class I epitopes: C-locus.

Tatsuya Akaza¹, Nadim El-Awar, Anh Nguyen

¹HLA Laboratory NPO, Kyoto, Japan,

Clinical Transplants

|March 28, 2008

Summary

This study identified 12 C antigen epitopes, including four unique to C antigens and others shared across different human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci. These findings advance understanding of HLA polymorphism and immune responses.

Area of Science:

Immunogenetics
Molecular immunology
Histocompatibility

Background:

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genes are highly polymorphic, crucial for immune response.
HLA class I antigens (A, B, C) present peptides to T cells, influencing immune recognition.
Understanding HLA epitope diversity is key to transplantation and disease association studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize novel C antigen epitopes.
To investigate the distribution of epitopes across HLA-A, -B, and -C loci.
To provide a detailed map of HLA class I epitope sharing.

Main Methods:

Epitope identification using high-resolution HLA typing data.
Bioinformatic analysis of HLA sequence variations.

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Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

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Published on: October 15, 2021

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

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Published on: March 6, 2009

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

Comparative analysis of epitope profiles across HLA-A, -B, and -C alleles.

Main Results:

Identification of 12 distinct C antigen epitopes.
Discovery of four epitopes exclusively located on C antigens.
Characterization of five inter-locus epitopes shared between HLA-B and -C.
Identification of three epitopes shared across HLA-A, -B, and -C loci.

Conclusions:

The study reveals significant epitope diversity within and between HLA class I loci.
Newly identified epitopes contribute to the complexity of HLA antigen presentation.
This epitope mapping provides a foundation for future immunological and clinical research.