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Related Concept Videos

Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...
Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology01:07

Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology

Intestinal obstruction triggers a series of physiological responses, starting with gas and fluid accumulation in the bowel segment proximal to the obstruction, leading to distension. This distended intestine compresses the diaphragm, hindering lung expansion and potentially leading to reduced respiratory effort, atelectasis, and pneumonia.To overcome the blockage, the gut intensifies contractions, causing colicky abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, which reduces fluid and food intake and...
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Aneurysm IV: Nursing Management

Vigilant monitoring for aneurysm rupture is essential for patients undergoing aortic surgery.Preoperative Nursing ManagementContinuously monitor the patient for manifestations of aneurysm rupture, such as pallor, weakness, tachycardia, hypotension, abdominal, back, groin, or periumbilical pain, changes in consciousness, and a pulsating abdominal mass. Regularly assess the patient's peripheral pulses.Instruct the patient to consume a clear liquid diet the day before surgery and administer...
Intestinal Obstruction I: Introduction01:29

Intestinal Obstruction I: Introduction

Intestinal obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine that disrupts the normal flow of intestinal contents through the lumen. This interruption impairs digestion, absorption, and fluid balance, and may lead to serious complications if not treated promptly.Mechanical ObstructionMechanical obstruction occurs when a physical blockage prevents intestinal contents from passing, arising from within the lumen or the bowel wall, or from external compression.Adhesions,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Microfluidic Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Incorporating Human Neonatal Intestinal Enteroids and a Dysbiotic Microbiome
06:51

Microfluidic Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Incorporating Human Neonatal Intestinal Enteroids and a Dysbiotic Microbiome

Published on: July 28, 2023

What next in necrotizing enterocolitis?

Murat Yurdakök1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.

The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics
|March 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe intestinal disease in premature infants. Breastfeeding, antenatal steroids, and probiotics show promise for prevention, while treatments focus on gut rest and antibiotics.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Microfluidic Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Incorporating Human Neonatal Intestinal Enteroids and a Dysbiotic Microbiome
06:51

Microfluidic Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Incorporating Human Neonatal Intestinal Enteroids and a Dysbiotic Microbiome

Published on: July 28, 2023

A Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
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Published on: November 30, 2021

A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
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A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatalogy
  • Gastroenterology
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a critical illness affecting premature infants, with high mortality (10-50%).
  • NEC typically presents suddenly in preterm infants, with symptoms including abdominal distention, bloody stools, and intestinal gas patterns.
  • The disease can rapidly progress to bowel perforation, acidosis, shock, and death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology, prevention strategies, and treatment options for necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants.
  • To highlight emerging therapies and discuss controversies in surgical management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of necrotizing enterocolitis pathophysiology, focusing on trigger factors and inflammatory cascades.
  • Analysis of current and potential preventative therapies, including breastfeeding, antenatal steroids, probiotics, and novel agents.
  • Evaluation of established and experimental treatment modalities for NEC, including medical management and surgical interventions.

Main Results:

  • Trigger factors like hypoxia and formula feeding initiate mucosal injury, leading to bacterial product translocation and a proinflammatory cascade.
  • Breastfeeding, antenatal steroids, and probiotics show potential benefits for NEC prevention.
  • Enteral erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor are identified as promising novel preventative therapies.
  • Current treatments include gut rest, antibiotics, and surgery, with ongoing debate regarding the optimal approach for perforation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the multifactorial etiology of NEC is crucial for developing effective preventative strategies.
  • While some therapies show promise, further research is needed to optimize NEC prevention and treatment.
  • The management of NEC, particularly in cases of intestinal perforation, remains a complex and debated area in neonatology.