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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
Published on: May 2, 2025
Early and accurate diagnosis of bipolar II disorder leads to successful outcomes
Mary Cullen-Drill1, Donna Cullen-Dolce
1Columbia University School of Nursing, New York City, NY, USA. mcullendrill@aol.com
Purpose:
Bipolar II disorder is often misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder. This paper addresses accurate diagnosis, proper treatment, and the chronic nature of the illness.
Conclusions:
Key factors in treatment success are early and accurate diagnosis and the patient's acceptance of a chronic psychiatric illness. Once the diagnosis of bipolar II disorder and need for long-term treatment are accepted, a successful outcome is more likely (Keck, 2003).
Practice Implications:
The psychiatric advanced practice nurse contributes to successful treatment of bipolar II disorder through accurate diagnosis, evidence-based treatment, community referrals, coordination of care, professional organization participation, and patient advocacy.
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