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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Optic nerve hypoplasia and hypopituitarism.

Tariq Ahmad1, Mark Borchert, Mitchell Geffner

  • 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, USC Keck School of Medicine and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, CA, USA. tahmad@mail.cho.org

Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews : PER
|March 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) presents a broad spectrum of conditions, often linked to pituitary hormone deficiencies. Lifelong monitoring and multidisciplinary care are crucial for affected children.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-ophthalmology
  • Developmental Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is a congenital condition with variable clinical presentations.
  • Septo-optic dysplasia is a subtype of ONH characterized by absence of the septum pellucidum.
  • ONH is frequently associated with hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction, leading to endocrinopathies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH).
  • To highlight the association between ONH and pituitary endocrinopathies.
  • To emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing ONH.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on optic nerve hypoplasia and septo-optic dysplasia.
  • Analysis of the relationship between ONH, brain structure, and pituitary function.
  • Discussion of long-term management strategies for ONH.

Main Results:

  • ONH encompasses a wide clinical spectrum, including septo-optic dysplasia.
  • Pituitary endocrinopathies are common in ONH and require lifelong monitoring and hormone replacement.
  • Brain structural abnormalities in ONH correlate with increased risk of pituitary deficiencies, but endocrinopathies can occur even with normal imaging.

Conclusions:

  • Optic nerve hypoplasia necessitates lifelong monitoring for associated pituitary hormone deficiencies.
  • A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmology, endocrinology, neurology, and behavioral therapy is essential.
  • Optimizing growth and development in children with ONH requires integrated specialist care.