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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Services for children with diabetes.

T Savage¹, A Clarke, C Costigan

¹Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin.

Irish Medical Journal

|March 29, 2008

Summary

This study reveals significant gaps in care for children with Type 1 Diabetes in Ireland, particularly concerning support staff like dietitians and psychologists. Urgent resource improvements are needed to prevent long-term complications.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

Pediatrics
Endocrinology
Public Health

Background:

Type 1 Diabetes affects children and adolescents globally.
Effective management requires multidisciplinary support teams.
Previous assessments of pediatric diabetes care services in Ireland were lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the availability and quality of services for children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes in the Republic of Ireland.
To identify deficiencies in current care provision compared to international standards.
To highlight areas for improvement in pediatric diabetes services.

Main Methods:

A national survey was conducted in 2006.
Questionnaires were distributed to 19 centers providing pediatric diabetes care.
Data were collected from all responding centers.

Main Results:

29 consultants cared for 2040 patients across 19 centers.
Most pediatricians had a special interest in diabetes and held dedicated clinics.
Significant challenges were identified: high caseloads for Diabetes Nurse Specialists (162 patients/WTE) and Dietitians (416 patients/WTE).
70% of centers lacked access to Psychology services.

Conclusions:

Current pediatric diabetes services in Ireland exhibit notable deficiencies, especially in essential support staff.
International recommendations for care are not consistently met.
Urgent local and national interventions are required to enhance resources and mitigate long-term diabetes complications.