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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These domains are...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a DNA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins
10:46

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Published on: October 18, 2022

Evolution of eukaryotic transcription circuits.

Brian B Tuch1, Hao Li, Alexander D Johnson

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Evolutionary changes in gene regulation drive life's diversity. Even closely related species exhibit significant differences in their transcriptional circuitry, as revealed by recent genome-wide studies.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Evolutionary modification of transcription circuits is a key driver of biological diversity.
  • Studies in animals demonstrate how minor gene regulatory changes impact morphology and physiology under selective pressures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent of transcriptional rewiring across different organisms.
  • To understand the role of gene regulation in evolutionary diversification.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide studies
  • Comparative analysis of transcriptional regulation in closely related species, with a focus on single-cell yeasts.

Main Results:

  • Evidence of extensive transcriptional rewiring discovered in genome-wide studies.

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Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins
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Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

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Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA
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Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA

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Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
10:44

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline

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  • Closely related organisms utilize markedly different gene regulatory circuitries.

    • Conclusions:

    • Transcriptional rewiring plays a significant role in the evolution of life's diversity.
    • Gene regulation is a dynamic process that can change extensively even between related species.