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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: October 5, 2011

Nucleofection of human embryonic stem cells.

Henrike Siemen¹, Lars Nolden, Stefanie Terstegge

¹Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|March 29, 2008

Summary

Nucleofection, a specialized electroporation method, significantly enhances gene transfer efficiency in human embryonic stem cells (HESCs). This technique simplifies the process, making genetic modification of HESCs more effective for cell type specification and lineage selection.

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Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Molecular biology
Genetic engineering

Background:

Human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) are crucial models for studying human cell development.
Genetic modification is essential for lineage selection and purification of specific cell types derived from HESCs.
Efficient gene transfer into HESCs is critical for advancing stem cell research and therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficiency of nucleofection compared to conventional electroporation for transfecting HESCs.
To determine if nucleofection offers advantages in terms of efficiency and experimental effort for genetic modification of HESCs.

Main Methods:

Utilized nucleofection, an optimized electroporation technique with cell-type-specific buffers and electric settings.
Performed comparative analysis against conventional electroporation for HESC transfection.
Assessed gene transfer efficiency and experimental workload.

Main Results:

Nucleofection demonstrated superior efficiency in gene transfer compared to conventional electroporation for HESCs.
The nucleofection method reduced the overall experimental effort required for HESC transfection.
Highly efficient gene transfer was achieved even in these typically hard-to-transfect cells.

Conclusions:

Nucleofection is a highly effective method for the genetic modification of human embryonic stem cells.
This technique offers a significant improvement over conventional electroporation for HESC transfection.
The enhanced efficiency and reduced effort make nucleofection a valuable tool for HESC-based research and applications.