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Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.Synthesis of carbohydratesSugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from one reactant...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

Organic synthesis in the solid state via hydrogen-bond-driven self-assembly.

Leonard R MacGillivray¹

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

|March 29, 2008

Summary

Chemists can control solid-state photodimerizations using linear templates and hydrogen-bond-driven self-assembly. This method enables precise synthesis of complex molecules like paracyclophanes and ladderanes with high stereocontrol.

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Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry
Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

Controlling reactivity in the solid state offers unique synthetic pathways.
Intermolecular [2 + 2] photodimerizations are valuable reactions for cyclobutane formation.
Achieving high stereocontrol in solid-state reactions remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a method for controlling intermolecular [2 + 2] photodimerizations in the solid state.
To demonstrate the use of small molecule linear templates for directing olefin assembly.
To achieve stereospecific and quantitative synthesis of cyclobutane-based products.

Main Methods:

Utilizing hydrogen-bond-driven self-assembly to position olefins using linear templates.
Attaching complementary functional groups to olefins and templates.
Employing molecular recognition principles for directing synthesis in a solvent-free environment.

Main Results:

Stereospecific and quantitative formation of cyclobutane products in gram amounts.
Successful synthesis of [2.2]paracyclophane and ladderane structures.
Demonstration of high stereocontrol dictated by the crystal lattice.

Conclusions:

Linear templates effectively control solid-state photodimerizations via self-assembly.
This methodology enables the synthesis of molecules not easily accessible from solution.
Solid-state synthesis offers a powerful platform for precise molecular construction.