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Drosophila chemoreceptor gene evolution: selection, specialization and genome size.

Anastasia Gardiner1, Daniel Barker, Roger K Butlin

  • 1School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland KY16 9TH, UK.

Molecular Ecology
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Animal chemoreception, including smell and taste, varies greatly between species due to gene evolution. This study analyzes Drosophila chemosensory gene repertoires, revealing duplication and pseudogenization drive these changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Chemoperception (olfaction and gustation) is crucial for animal adaptation and speciation.
  • Gene families mediating these senses exhibit significant variation in repertoire size across species.
  • In Drosophila, olfactory and gustatory loci are thought to be influenced by ecological specialization and pseudogenization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the size and evolution of gustatory and olfactory repertoires in 12 Drosophila species.
  • To investigate the roles of gene duplication and pseudogenization in shaping these repertoires.
  • To examine selection pressures acting on chemosensory loci and their relationship with genome characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of gustatory and olfactory receptor gene repertoires across 12 Drosophila species.
  • Analysis of gene duplication and pseudogenization events.
  • Selection analyses (e.g., detecting purifying and positive selection) on chemosensory loci.

Main Results:

  • Significant variation in gustatory and olfactory repertoire sizes was observed among Drosophila species.
  • Gene evolution is driven by duplication and pseudogenization, with notable lineage-specific duplications.
  • Most loci are under purifying selection, but this pressure is weaker for gustatory loci and those prone to duplication; few loci show evidence of positive selection.

Conclusions:

  • Drosophila chemosensory gene repertoires evolve through duplication and pseudogenization, influenced by factors like genome size.
  • Genome size is strongly correlated with the proportion of duplicated chemoreceptor loci.
  • Genome size, ecological specialization, and endemism likely interact to influence chemosensory repertoire size.