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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues
13:03

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Published on: June 3, 2016

Stem cell epigenetics: is it all downhill from here?

Ron McKay1

  • 1LMB/NINDS, Bethesda, MD 20892-4157, USA.

Cell Stem Cell
|March 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Bmi-1 is crucial for neural stem cell development, with its function increasingly required as development progresses. This study surprisingly links Bmi-1 to the regulation of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Neural stem cells (NSCs) are critical for brain development.
  • The polycomb group gene Bmi-1 plays a role in stem cell maintenance and self-renewal.
  • Understanding Bmi-1's function in NSCs is essential for comprehending neural development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Bmi-1 in neural stem cells.
  • To examine Bmi-1 function both in vitro and in vivo during neural development.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying Bmi-1's involvement in NSC regulation.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro culture of neural stem cells.
  • In vivo studies using animal models.
  • Analysis of Bmi-1 expression and function during development.

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Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors
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Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

Published on: October 28, 2014

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
08:01

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Published on: August 29, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues
13:03

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Published on: June 3, 2016

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors
08:14

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

Published on: October 28, 2014

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
08:01

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Published on: August 29, 2020

  • Investigation of cell-cycle regulation pathways.

    • Main Results:

    • Bmi-1 function shows a progressively increasing requirement in stem cells throughout development.
    • Bmi-1 plays a significant role in regulating neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation.
    • The study surprisingly identified a link between Bmi-1 and the cell-cycle inhibitor p21.

    Conclusions:

    • Bmi-1 is indispensable for proper neural stem cell function and development.
    • The requirement for Bmi-1 intensifies during later stages of neural development.
    • Bmi-1 may regulate neural stem cell fate through modulation of cell-cycle inhibitors like p21.