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Related Concept Videos

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

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In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio
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Published on: August 24, 2013

Imprinted genes and human disease: an evolutionary perspective.

Francisco Ubeda1, Jon F Wilkins

  • 1St. John's College and Oxford Centre for Gene Function, Oxford University, UK. francisco.ubeda@st-johns.oxford.ac.uk

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|April 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Genomic imprinting, an epigenetic phenomenon, links gene expression to diseases, particularly those involving growth and feeding disorders. Understanding imprinting evolution and its disruptions is key to comprehending these conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon where only one parental allele is expressed.
  • Imprinted genes are linked to various diseases, often involving growth and feeding disorders.
  • Epigenetic modifications, like DNA methylation and histone modifications, regulate gene expression without altering DNA sequence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between the evolution of genomic imprinting and the clinical manifestations of imprinting-associated diseases.
  • To investigate the processes that can disrupt imprinted gene expression and function.
  • To determine if imprinted genes are uniquely susceptible to deregulation and if their disruption has more severe consequences.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on genomic imprinting, its evolution, and associated diseases.
  • Analysis of phenotypes associated with imprinted genes to identify common motifs.
  • Examination of the nature and frequency of mutations in imprinted genes.

Main Results:

  • The evolution of imprinting is closely tied to modulation of perinatal growth and resource acquisition.
  • Disruption of imprinted gene expression can lead to growth and feeding disorders.
  • Imprinted genes may be particularly susceptible to deregulation, with potentially severe clinical outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the evolutionary pressures on imprinted genes provides insight into imprinting-associated diseases.
  • Further research into the mechanisms of imprinting disruption is crucial for clinical applications.
  • The study of genomic imprinting contributes to the field of evolutionary medicine.