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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management01:22

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned under...
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...

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Related Experiment Videos

Emergence agitation in pediatric anesthesia: current features.

Leopoldo Muniz da Silva1, Leandro Gobbo Braz, Norma Sueli Pinheiro Módolo

  • 1Departamento de Anestesiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.

Jornal De Pediatria
|April 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Postoperative agitation in children is a complex syndrome with no single cause. Understanding its biological, psychological, and social factors is key for effective prevention and treatment by anesthesiologists.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Anesthesiology
  • Clinical Pediatrics
  • Child Psychology

Background:

  • Postoperative agitation in children is common, with incidence rates from 10% to 67%.
  • The exact causes of this agitation remain unclear.
  • Potential contributing factors include pain, stress, environmental stimuli, and anesthetic agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifactorial causes of postoperative agitation in children.
  • To provide a basis for improved identification and prevention strategies.
  • To discuss potential diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of MEDLINE and PubMed.
  • Keywords included: emergence, agitation, incidence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, children, pediatric, anesthesia.
  • Review of potential agitation triggers.

Main Results:

  • Identified numerous potential triggers for postoperative agitation.
  • Proposed a standardized diagnostic score system.
  • Outlined measures for enhanced prevention and treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Postoperative agitation is a syndrome with biological, pharmacological, psychological, and social components.
  • No single factor explains the phenomenon.
  • Anesthesiologists and pediatric intensive care specialists must be prepared to identify, prevent, and treat agitation.