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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Ultracold water cluster anions.

Fabio Zappa1, Stephan Denifl, Ingo Mähr

  • 1Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created ultracold water-cluster anions by attaching electrons to water clusters. Unlike previous findings, these anions showed smoother size distributions and easier observation across all sizes, offering new insights into electron bonding.

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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
12:11

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Atomic and Molecular Physics
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Water clusters are fundamental systems for understanding hydrogen bonding and solvation.
  • Previous studies on bare water clusters revealed distinct "magic" and "anti-magic" sizes for anions below n=12.
  • The role of metastable configurations and excess electron bonding sites in small water anions remains controversial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation and properties of ultracold water-cluster anions using helium droplet isolation.
  • To compare the size distributions and fragmentation patterns of these anions with previous experimental results.
  • To explore the potential for spectroscopic characterization to elucidate electron binding sites and metastable states.

Main Methods:

  • Formation of water-cluster anions ((H2O)n(-) and (D2O)n(-)) via electron attachment to water clusters within helium droplets.
  • Analysis of cluster anion size distributions, including those bound to helium atoms and bare cluster anions.
  • Investigation of fragment anion stoichiometry and yield dependence on electron attachment energy.

Main Results:

  • Water-cluster anions of size n >= 2 were successfully generated.
  • While some anions were weakly bound to helium atoms, bare cluster anions were the most abundant species.
  • Observed size distributions were significantly smoother than in prior experiments, with all sizes readily detected.
  • Differences in fragment anion stoichiometry and energy-dependent yields were noted compared to previous studies.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents a novel method for producing ultracold water-cluster anions with unique size distribution characteristics.
  • The observed smooth size distributions challenge previous findings of pronounced magic and anti-magic sizes.
  • Further spectroscopic studies are needed to understand metastable configurations and the nature of excess electron binding in these ultracold anions.