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Menopause

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Menopausal symptom experience: an online forum study.

Eun-Ok Im¹, Yi Liu, Sharon Dormire

¹School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA. eim@mail.utexas.edu

Journal of Advanced Nursing

|April 1, 2008

Summary

White midlife women redefine themselves during menopause, focusing on lifestyle and generational factors over ethnicity. They remain optimistic and seek better physician guidance for symptom management.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Area of Science:

Menopause research
Midlife women's health
Qualitative study

Background:

Cross-cultural studies reveal ethnic variations in menopausal symptoms.
Existing knowledge on menopausal experiences is insufficient for adequate care of White women.
Understanding diverse menopausal experiences is crucial for effective healthcare.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the menopausal symptom experience of White midlife women.
To understand how cultural and lifestyle factors influence menopause.
To identify gaps in current healthcare guidance for menopausal women.

Main Methods:

A 2007 cross-sectional qualitative online forum study.
23 self-identified non-Hispanic White midlife women participated.
Thematic analysis guided by seven topics on menopausal symptoms over six months.

Main Results:

Women redefined themselves amidst daily life demands.
Optimism and humor were coping mechanisms for menopausal symptoms.
Generational and lifestyle factors were perceived as more significant than ethnicity.
Physician guidance for symptom management was found unsatisfactory.

Conclusions:

Nurses should prioritize women's self-reported experiences over predetermined strategies.
Further research on lifestyle and generational influences on menopause is needed.
Understanding generational shifts in menopausal experiences is essential for improved care.