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Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Temporomandibular Joint Pain Measurement by Bite Force and Von Frey Filament Assays in Mice
06:37

Temporomandibular Joint Pain Measurement by Bite Force and Von Frey Filament Assays in Mice

Published on: September 13, 2024

Cervical facet joint dysfunction: a review.

Dhiruj Kirpalani1, Raj Mitra

  • 1Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA. rmitra@stanford.edu

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
|April 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Cervical facet joint dysfunction is a common cause of chronic neck pain, affecting 25% to 66% of patients. Radiofrequency neurotomy is the only treatment with evidence of effectiveness, as diagnostic clinical findings are lacking.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Temporomandibular Joint Pain Measurement by Bite Force and Von Frey Filament Assays in Mice
06:37

Temporomandibular Joint Pain Measurement by Bite Force and Von Frey Filament Assays in Mice

Published on: September 13, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Pain Management
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Cervical facet joints are frequently implicated as a source of nociceptive pain.
  • Chronic axial neck pain is a prevalent condition with significant impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a literature review on cervical facet joint dysfunction.
  • To determine current findings on anatomy, etiology, prevalence, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of Medline, Ovid, and Cochrane databases.
  • Inclusion of full-text English articles analyzing cervical facet joint pain.
  • Critical evaluation of various study types, including RCTs and systematic reviews.

Main Results:

  • Cervical facet joints are a common pain generator, with prevalence estimated between 25% and 66% in chronic axial neck pain.
  • No specific clinical examination findings are diagnostic for cervical facet-mediated pain.
  • Limited research exists on treatment options for this condition.

Conclusions:

  • Radiofrequency neurotomy demonstrates evidence for effectively reducing pain associated with cervical facet joint dysfunction.
  • Further research is needed to establish diagnostic criteria and effective treatments.