Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and the Risk of Thyroid Eye Disease.

Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery·2026
Same author

Optimizing cost-effectiveness in the work-up of orbital inflammation: a multicenter, retrospective study.

Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

From the Editor-in-Chief.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2025
Same author

Re: "The Algorithmic Role of Critical Radiographic Features in the Treatment of Angioinvasive Fungal Sinusitis".

Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery·2025
Same author

Age and gender differences in acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction in a Saudi Arabian population.

International ophthalmology·2025
Same author

Health-Related Quality-of-Life Outcomes for Upper Blepharoplasty and Blepharoptosis Surgery: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Ophthalmology·2025
Same journal

Performance of the ISOLD Score (Interleukin Score for IntraOcular Lymphoma Diagnosis) in the Diagnosis of Vitreoretinal Lymphoma in Clinical Practice.

American journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same journal

Reply to Comment on Visual Field Progression in Glaucoma Patients with Delayed Follow-Up.

American journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same journal

Comment on: "Safety and efficiency reducing retinopathy of prematurity guideline sensitivity: an external validation using a large US-based dataset".

American journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same journal

Reply to Comment on "Clinicopathological and Imaging Distinction Between Ocular Adnexal MALT Lymphoma and IgG4-Related Ophthalmic Disease".

American journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same journal

Comment on: Visual Field Progression in Glaucoma Patients With Delayed Follow-Up.

American journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same journal

Corneal sensitivity changes and nerve plexus abnormalities in noninfectious anterior uveitis.

American journal of ophthalmology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System
12:06

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

Published on: May 12, 2011

Levator superioris muscle function in involutional blepharoptosis.

Luciano S Pereira1, Thomas N Hwang, Robert C Kersten

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-San Francisco, 10 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

American Journal of Ophthalmology
|April 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

In involutional blepharoptosis, reduced eyelid height correlates with decreased levator muscle function. This suggests levator muscle abnormalities contribute to the condition, impacting eyelid position.

More Related Videos

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle
10:49

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

Published on: June 2, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System
12:06

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

Published on: May 12, 2011

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle
10:49

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

Published on: June 2, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Oculoplastics
  • Surgical Anatomy

Background:

  • Involutional blepharoptosis is a common condition affecting eyelid position.
  • The precise etiology of involutional blepharoptosis is multifactorial, often involving age-related changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between the severity of ptosis and the function of the levator muscle.
  • To assess the role of muscular degeneration in the development of acquired blepharoptosis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study analyzing medical records of 136 patients with acquired blepharoptosis.
  • Evaluated levator function (LF), margin reflex distance (MRD), age, and gender.
  • Multivariate linear regression analysis was employed.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant correlation (P < .001) was found between MRD and LF.
  • A 0.5-mm decrease in LF was associated with each 1.0-mm reduction in MRD.
  • This correlation was independent of age and gender.

Conclusions:

  • A direct proportional decrease in levator function and eyelid height was observed in patients with involutional blepharoptosis.
  • Findings suggest that levator muscle abnormalities may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of involutional blepharoptosis.