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Related Concept Videos

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the anxiety of...
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
Aggression01:47

Aggression

Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for hire...
Coping Strategies: Problem Focused01:27

Coping Strategies: Problem Focused

Coping strategies are methods people use to manage, tolerate, or reduce the effects of stressors. These strategies involve both behavioral and psychological actions to handle stressful situations. One common approach is problem-focused coping, which aims to change or eliminate the source of stress rather than merely addressing its consequences. This method involves taking direct action to resolve the issue causing stress.
For example, consider a student who struggles to understand their...
Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
Ethical Dilemmas II01:30

Ethical Dilemmas II

Resolving an ethical dilemma in healthcare involves a systematic approach that considers every aspect of the issue, respecting both the patient's needs and values and the healthcare professional's ethical obligations. Here are potential steps to resolve an ethical dilemma:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
09:12

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

Published on: July 4, 2013

Fight or learn to live with the consequences?

Michael Boots1

  • 1Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK. m.boots@sheffield.ac.uk

Trends in Ecology & Evolution
|April 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Host tolerance, a way to reduce disease severity without killing pathogens, varies among mouse strains. This study found that increased tolerance to malaria in mice was linked to decreased resistance, highlighting tolerance

Area of Science:

  • * Host-parasite interactions and evolutionary biology.
  • * Immunology and infectious disease research.

Background:

  • * Infectious disease control involves resistance (pathogen growth reduction) and tolerance (disease amelioration).
  • * Tolerance is a crucial but understudied host defense mechanism in animal models.
  • * Understanding tolerance is key to comprehending host-parasite coevolutionary dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate variation in disease tolerance among different mouse strains.
  • * To examine the relationship between tolerance and resistance to infectious diseases.
  • * To highlight the significance of tolerance in host-pathogen dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • * Utilized different mouse strains to assess natural variation in disease tolerance.

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  • * Measured tolerance to a specific pathogen (rodent malaria).
  • * Quantified pathogen load and disease severity to determine tolerance levels.

    • Main Results:

    • * Significant variation in malaria tolerance was observed across mouse strains.
    • * A negative correlation was found between tolerance and resistance.
    • * Mice with higher tolerance exhibited greater disease severity despite pathogen control.

    Conclusions:

    • * Disease tolerance is a variable trait in animal populations.
    • * Tolerance and resistance are not always complementary and can be inversely related.
    • * Further research into tolerance mechanisms is essential for understanding infectious disease epidemiology and evolution.